Networking

1. • A network is a collection of interconnected devices (computers, servers, printers, etc.) that can communicate and share resources.
   • Types: Networks can be categorized into local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs) based on their geographical scope.

2. Communication Protocols:

   • Description: Protocols are rules and conventions governing how data is transmitted and received across a network. Common protocols include TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) for the internet.

3. IP Address:

   • Description: An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a network. It serves as an identifier for locating and addressing devices on the network.

4. Router:

   • Description: A router is a network device that connects different networks and directs data traffic between them. It assigns IP addresses and manages data flow between devices on the network.

5. Switch:

   • Description: A network switch is a device that connects multiple devices within a local network. It operates at the data link layer of the OSI model and directs data only to the specific device intended to receive it.

6. Hub:

   • Description: Hubs are network devices that connect multiple devices in a LAN. Unlike switches, hubs broadcast data to all connected devices, and each device determines if the data is intended for it.

7. Firewall:

   • Description: A firewall is a security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It helps protect networks from unauthorized access and potential threats.

8. Modem:

   • Description: A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates and demodulates digital data to enable communication over analog communication lines. It is commonly used to connect to the internet via DSL or cable.

Components:

1. Network Interface Card (NIC):

   • Description: A NIC is a hardware component that allows computers to connect to a network. It can be integrated into the motherboard or added as a separate expansion card.